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TPG Capital
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"TPG" redirects here. For other uses, see
TPG (disambiguation).
| Private | |
| Industry | Private equity |
| Predecessor | Texas Pacific Group |
| Founded | 1992 |
| Founder |
David Bonderman
James Coulter William S. Price III |
| Headquarters |
Fort Worth,
Texas
San Francisco, California United States |
| Products | Leveraged buyouts, growth capital, venture capital |
| Total assets | $75 billion |
| Website | www.TPG.com |
The firm was founded in 1992 by David Bonderman, James Coulter and William S. Price III. Since inception, the firm has raised more than $50 billion of investor commitments across more than 18 private equity funds. [1]
TPG is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, and San Francisco, California.[2] The company has additional offices in Europe, Asia, Australia and other parts of North America.
Contents
Private equity funds
TPG has historically relied primarily on private equity funds, pools of committed capital from pension funds, insurance companies, endowments, fund of funds, high-net-worth individuals, sovereign wealth funds, and from other institutional investors. As of the end of 2008, TPG had completed fundraising for over 20 funds with total investor commitments of over $50 billion.The firm manages investment funds in a number of distinct strategies including:
-
- TPG's flagship leveraged buyout funds
- Venture capital funds, particularly focused on biotechnology investments
- Distressed debt and other credit strategies invested through a series of funds raised in 2007[3]
- Asian and Latin American funds, including the firm's Newbridge and TPG Asia fund family
- Other private equity funds. This includes TPG's T3 Partners funds, which invest in technology focused deals alongside the firm's main buyout funds.[4] [5] TPG Star has a broad investment mandate including buyouts, venture capital and growth capital, however all of its investments are at the smaller end of the range, compared to TPG's traditional investments.[6]
| Fund |
Vintage
Year |
Committed
Capital ($m) |
|---|---|---|
| TPG's Flagship Leveraged Buyout Funds | ||
| Texas Pacific Group Partners | 1994 | $721 |
| Texas Pacific Group Partners II | 1997 | $2,500 |
| Texas Pacific Group Partners III | 2000 | $3,414 |
| Texas Pacific Group Partners IV | 2003 | $5,300 |
| Texas Pacific Group Partners V | 2006 | $15,000 |
| TPG Partners VI | 2008 | $19,800 |
| Venture capital funds | ||
| TPG Ventures | 2001 | $339 |
| TPG Biotechnology Partners | 2002 | $70 |
| TPG Biotechnology Partners II | 2006 | $402 |
| TPG Biotechnology Partners III | 2008 | $550 |
| Distressed debt funds | ||
| TPG Credit Management I | 2007 | $1,000 |
| TPG Credit Strategies | 2007 | $443 |
| Newbridge and TPG Asia funds | ||
| Newbridge Investment Partners | 1995 | $120 |
| Newbridge Latin America | 1995 | $300 |
| Newbridge Andean Partners | 1996 | $150 |
| Newbridge Asia II | 1998 | $392 |
| Newbridge Asia III | 2001 | $724 |
| Newbridge Asia IV | 2005 | $1,500 |
| TPG Asia V | 2008 | $4,250 |
| Other private equity funds | ||
| T3 Partners | 1999 | $1,000 |
| T3 Partners II | 2001 | $378 |
| TPG Star | 2007 | $1,500 |
History and notable investments
|
History of private equity and venture capital |
|---|
| Early history |
| (Origins of modern private equity) |
| The 1980s |
| (Leveraged buyout boom) |
| The 1990s |
| (Leveraged buyout and the venture capital bubble) |
| The 2000s |
| (Dot-com bubble to the credit crunch) |
Founding
The Texas Pacific Group, as it was originally known, was founded in 1992 by David Bonderman, James Coulterand William S. Price III. Prior to founding TPG, Bonderman and Coulter had worked for Robert M. Bass making leveraged buyout investments during the 1980s. In 1993, Coulter and Bonderman partnered with William S. Price III, who was Vice President of Strategic Planning and Business Development for GE Capital, to complete the buyout of Continental Airlines. [7] At the time, TPG was virtually alone in its conviction that there was an investment opportunity with the airline. The plan included bringing in a new management team, improving aircraft utilization and focusing on lucrative routes. By 1998, TPG had generated an annual internal rate of return of 55% on its investment.Texas Pacific Group in the late 1990s
In 1997, TPG completed fundraising for its second private equity fund, with over $2.5 billion of investor commitments. In June 1996, TPG acquired the AT&T Paradyne unit, a multimedia communications business, from Lucent Technologies for $175 million.[8] Also in 1996, TPG invested in Beringer Wine, Ducati Motorcycles and Del Monte Foods.TPG's most notable 1997 investment was its takeover of J. Crew. TPG acquired an 88% stake in the retailer for approximately $500 million,[9] however the investment struggled due to the relatively high purchase price paid relative to the company's earnings.[10] The company was able to complete a turnaround beginning in 2002 and complete an initial public offering in 2006.[11]
The following year, in 1998, TPG led an investor group in a minority investment in Oxford Health Plans. TPG and its co-investors invested $350 million in a convertible preferred stock that can be converted into 22.1% of Oxford.[12] The company completed a buyback of the TPG's PIPE convertible in 2000 and would ultimately be acquired by UnitedHealth Group in 2004.[13]
As the decade came to a close, TPG was once again fundraising, for its third private equity fund. This time, however TPG was raising not only a new buyout fund, but also a new fund, T3 Partners that would invest alongside the main fund in technology oriented investments. In 1999, TPG invested in Piaggio S.p.A, Bally International (including Bally Shoe), and ON Semiconductor.
TPG has also become recognized for its dedicated operations group that has become a major part of the process from investment to sale in many of their portfolio companies. The group is led by Dick Boyce and involves itself in tricky turnaround situations, operations improvement and other tasks that help create value in the company. Other major private equity firms have begun to develop operations group as well, attempting to recreate the model at TPG but most have had trouble creating as expansive a program.
Texas Pacific Group in the early 2000s
In 2000 TPG and Leonard Green & Partners invested $200 million to acquire Petco, the pet supplies retailer as part of a $600 million buyout.[14] Within two years they sold most of it in a public offering that valued the company at $1 billion. Petco’s market value more than doubled by the end of 2004 and the firms would ultimately realize a gain of $1.2 billion. Then, in 2006, the private equity firms took Petco private again for $1.68 billion. [15]That same year, in 2000, TPG completed the controversial acquisition of Gemplus SA, one of the leading smart card manufacturers. TPG won a struggle with the company's founder, Marc Lassus, for control of the company.[16] Also in 2000, TPG completed an investment in Seagate Technology.
In 2001, TPG acquired Telenor Media, a Norwegian phone-directory company, for $660 million, and shortly thereafter acquired a controlling interest in the third largest silicon-wafer maker MEMC Electronic Materials.[17]
In July 2002, TPG, together with Bain Capital and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, announced the high profile $2.3 billion leveraged buyout of Burger King from Diageo.[18] However, in November the original transaction collapsed, when Burger King failed to meet certain performance targets. In December 2002, TPG and its co-investors agreed on a reduced $1.5 billion purchase price for the investment.[19] The TPG consortium had support from Burger King's franchisees, who controlled approximately 92% of Burger King restaurants at the time of the transaction. Under its new owners, Burger King underwent a major brand overhaul including the use of The Burger King character in advertising. In February 2006, Burger King announced plans for an initial public offering. [20]
TPG's San Francisco offices at
345 California Street
TPG ventured into the film business in late 2004 in the major leveraged buyout of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. A consortium led by TPG and Sony completed the $4.81 billion buyout of the film studio. The consortium also included media-focused firms Providence Equity Partners and Quadrangle Group as well as DLJ Merchant Banking Partners. [21] The transaction, which was announced in September 2004, was completed in early 2005.
Also in 2005, TPG was one of seven private equity firms involved in the buyout of SunGard in a transaction valued at $11.3 billion. TPG's partners in the acquisition were Silver Lake Partners, Bain Capital, Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, Providence Equity Partners, and Blackstone Group. This represented the largest leveraged buyout completed since the takeover of RJR Nabisco at the end of the 1980s leveraged buyout boom. Also, at the time of its announcement, SunGard would be the largest buyout of a technology company in history, a distinction it would cede to the buyout of Freescale Semiconductor. The SunGard transaction is also notable in the number of firms involved in the transaction, the largest club deal completed to that point. The involvement of seven firms in the consortium was criticized by investors in private equity who considered cross-holdings among firms to be generally unattractive.[22] [23]
TPG and 2006–2007 buyout boom
In early 2006, as TPG was completing fundraising for its fifth private equity fund and the buyout boom was entering full swing, TPG co-founder Bill Price announced that he would scale back his work at the firm to focus on personal pursuits including his holdings in wine vineyards. [24]On December 1, 2006, it was announced TPG and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts had been exploring the possibility of a record $100 billion leveraged buyout of the second-largest retailer in the U.S. Home Depot.[25] Although this massive buyout was never actually completed, TPG was a leading investor during the 2006-2008 buyout boom, completing some of the largest transactions in this period.
| Investment | Year | Company Description | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neiman Marcus | 2005 | TPG, together with Warburg Pincus acquired Neiman Marcus Group, the owner of luxury retailers Neiman Marcus and Bergdorf Goodman, in a $5.1 billion buyout in May 2005. | [26][27] |
| Freescale Semiconductor | 2006 | TPG together with The Blackstone Group, The Carlyle Group and Permira completed the $17.6 billion takeover of the semiconductor company. At the time of its announcement, Freescale would be the largest leveraged buyout of a technology company ever, surpassing the 2005 buyout of SunGard. | [28] |
| Harrah's Entertainment | 2006 | On December 19, 2006, TPG and Apollo Management announced an agreement to acquire the gaming company for $27.4 billion, including the assumption of existing debt. | [29][30] |
| Sabre Holdings | 2006 | TPG and Silver Lake Partners announced a deal to buy Sabre Holdings, which operates Travelocity, Sabre Travel Network and Sabre Airline Solutions, for approximately $4.3 billion in cash, plus the assumption of $550 million in debt. Earlier in the year, Blackstone acquired Sabre's chief competitor Travelport. | [31] |
| Univision Communications | 2006 | A consortium of TPG, Madison Dearborn Partners, Providence Equity Partners, Thomas H. Lee Partners and Haim Saban ( Saban Entertainment) acquired The Spanish-language broadcaster on March 12, 2006 in a $13.7 billion leveraged buyout. The buyout left the company with a debt level of twelve times its annual cash flow. | [32][33] [34] |
| Alltel | 2007 | TPG and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners announced the acquisition of Alltel Wireless in a $27 billion buyout in May 2007. The transaction was approved by the Federal Communications Commission and closed on November 16, 2007. However just over six months later, on June 5, 2008, TPG and Goldman agreed to sell Alltel to Verizon for slightly more than it had paid for the company amidst a deteriorating economic outlook. | [35][36] |
| Avaya | 2007 | TPG and Silver Lake Partners completed an $8.2 billion leveraged buyout of the enterprise telephony and call center technology company that was formerly a unit of Lucent Technologies | [37] |
| Biomet | 2007 | TPG, The Blackstone Group, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners acquired the medical devices company for $11.6 billion. | [38] |
| First Data | 2007 | TPG and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts completed the $29 billion buyout of the credit and debit card payment processor and former parent of Western Union. Michael Capellas, previously the CEO of MCI Communications and Compaq was named CEO of the privately held company. | [39][40] |
| Midwest Air Group | 2007 | On August 12, 2007 Agreed to purchase Midwest Air Group and its subsidiaries including Midwest Airlines ending the hostile takeover attempt by AirTran Airways. Northwest Airlines also invested in the transaction alongside TPG as a passive equity co-investor. On August 14, 2007 Increased its offer to purchase Midwest after a late attempt by Airtran to increase its bid for Midwest. The purchase price was $452 million. Midwest lost money during TPG's ownership having to accept a loan from Republic Airways Holdings to avoid bankruptcy. Republic took over Midwest's fleet. Eventually TPG sold the company to Republic for $31 million.[41] | [42] |
| Surgical Care Affiliates | 2007 | In June 2007, TPG completed the carveout of HealthSouth Corporation's ambulatory surgery business for $920 million | [43] |
| TXU | 2007 | An investor group, led by TPG and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, and together with Goldman Sachs Capital Partners completed the $44.37 billion buyout of the regulated utility and power producer.[44] The investor group had to work closely with ERCOT regulators to gain approval of the transaction but had significant experience with the regulators from their earlier buyout of Texas Genco. TXU is the largest buyout in history, and retained this distinction when the announced buyout of BCE failed to close in December 2008. The deal is also notable for a drastic change in environmental policy for the energy giant, in terms of its carbon emissions from coal power plants and funding alternative energy. | [45][46] |
TPG and the credit crisis
On April 7, 2008, TPG leads a $7 billion investment in Washington Mutual. On September 25, 2008, Washington Mutual is taken over by the government costing TPG a 1.35 Billion dollar investment.On March 12, 2010, Gretchen Morgensen in the New York Times discussed TPG's role as a private equity investor in Greek mobile phone operator WIND Hellas, formerly TIM Hellas, which filed for bankruptcy protection late last year.[48] Morgensen raises some interesting questions about the circumstances in which TPG and fellow private equity investors Apax Partners of London redeemed a significant quantity of "convertible preferred equity certificates" held by them to repay their own "deeply subordinated shareholder loans" during a period in which a significant and apparently unexplained spike occurred in the market value of the certificates.
Post-recession activity
On June 10, 2010, TPG announced an acquisition of Vertafore, a provider of software for the insurance industry, for $1.4 billion.[49]On July 13, 2011, affiliates of TPG Capital acquired PRIMEDIA for approximately $525 million, or $7.10 per share in cash.[50] TPG and fellow private equity firm Apollo Global Management are set to IPO their stake in Norwegian Cruise Lines in 2013.[51]
In July 2013, TPG announced it would buy global education publisher TSL Education from Charterhouse Group for a fee of around $600 million. [52]
The Financial Times reported in February 2014 that TPG co-founder David Bonderman was "contemplating" an initial public offering for the private equity group.[53]
TPG and movie producer Robert Simonds, Jr., announced in March 2014 that they had entered a partnership with China's Hony Capital to produce as many as ten "star-driven" films a year, with mid-range budgets (on the order of $40 million per film).[54]
In April 2014, it was announced that TPG had invested £200 million in Victoria Plumb after buying a majority stake. [55] [56]
In November 2014, Prezzo (group) agreed to a £303.7 million takeover by TPG.[57]
The company is considered a newcomer to the real-estate investment arena. In the first half of 2014, it started to raise funds for a real-estate specific fund. It had a goal of $1.5 billion to $2 billion. By October 2015, the company had exceeded its goal, raising more than $2 billion. [58]
Newbridge Capital
In 1994, TPG, Blum Capital and ACON Investments created Newbridge Capital, a joint-venture to invest in emerging markets, particularly Asia and later Latin America. At its peak, Newbridge managed over $3.2 billion. Newbridge was headquartered alongside TPG in Fort Worth and San Francisco with investment offices across the Asia-Pacific region in Hong Kong, Melbourne, Mumbai, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, and Tokyo. In 1995, Newbridge also ventured into Latin America, raising a $300 million fund and then a follow up $150 million fund in 1996. After its debut funds in the mid-1990s, Newbridge did not continue to focus on Latin America.Since its founding, Newbridge developed a specialization in five broad industry groups: financial services, technology and telecom, healthcare, consumer, and industrials. Newbridge was involved in a number of the largest and most notable private equity transactions in Asia including:
- Shenzhen Development Bank - the first control purchase of a Chinese national bank by a foreign entity since 1949
- Korea First Bank - the first foreign acquisition of a South Korean bank
- Hanaro Telecom - a major Asian proxy contest, that was the largest at that time
- Matrix Laboratories - the largest private equity transaction in the Indian pharmaceutical industry, to that point
TPG remained active in Asia in 2008. On August 4, TPG, along with Global Infrastructure Partners, offered to buy Asciano Limited for AUD 2.9 billion in an unsuccessful attempt to complete an unsolicited takeover. On October 31, 2008, TPG completed the purchase of a 35% interest in P.T. Bumi Resources, from its previous owner Bakrie & Brothers, Indonesia, for $1.3 billion.
Criticisms
Hellas Telecommunications (2015)
In 2006, during the Apax fraud, Nikesh Arora was placed by investors TPG and Apax on the board of WIND Hellas (formerly TIM Hellas).[59] Under Arora's direction, €1.6 billion were embezzled from TIM Hellas by misuse of company debts, a ransack operation codenamed ‘Project Troy’ by the official liquidator.[60] [61] TPG and Apax were condemned in 2014 by a NY court to repay $565 million to the private investors. [62] In 2014, the Luxembourg liquidator sued TPG and Apax for 1.3 billion corresponding to the amount not recovered from the Arora embezzlement.[63] The Greek general prosecutor opened an investigation against TPG, Apax and all main implicated parties including Nikesh Arora under art.1608/1950 of the Greek criminal code for "Crimes against the people of Greece”.[64][65] [66]In the meantime, the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales reprimanded Ernst & Young (now EY) for its involvement in the Wind Hellas scandal reportedly being charged with signing off the big increase in debt and payments to TPG and Apax Partners in 2006-07, and of allegedly acting as an administrator when Hellas was put into liquidation.[60] [61][63] [67]
Notable employees
- Kevin Rollins - former President & CEO of Dell Computers
- Bernard Attali, former chairman of Air France and brother of Jacques Attali
- Vivek Paul, former Vice Chairman of Wipro Technologies and CEO of its global information technology, product engineering, and business process services segments
- Mary Ma[68] - Former CFO of Lenovo, and was listed in the top ten of the Fortune "50 Most Powerful Women" in 2005 and 2006
- William Hawkins - President & CEO of Immucor and former CEO of Medtronic
References
- Texas Pacific Group Inc. - Company History. Funding Universe
- Texas Pacific Goes Where Others Fear to Spend. New York Times, August 25, 2002
- TPG Profile at Yahoo.com
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